Fern stems reveal secrets of evolution – how constraints in development can lead to new forms

By: Jacob S. Suissa, University of Tennessee, The Conversation

Outlets: The Conversation

Published: November 25, 2025

Words: 1,463

Last Updated: 3 months, 2 weeks ago

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By Jacob S. Suissa, University of Tennessee

There are few forms of the botanical world as readily identifiable as fern leaves. These often large, lacy fronds lend themselves nicely to watercolor paintings and tricep tattoos alike. Thoreau said it best: “Nature made ferns for pure leaves, to show what she could do in that line.”

But ferns are not just for art and gardens. While fern leaves are the most iconic part of their body, …

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