Why some Americans seem more ‘American’ than others

The US and other countries have a legal definition of citizenship, yet human psychology and identity politics result in ingrained biases over who truly belongs.

By: Katherine Kinzler, University of Chicago, The Conversation

Outlets: The Conversation

Published: July 3, 2026

Words: 1,036

Last Updated: 2 weeks, 5 days ago


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By Katherine Kinzler, University of Chicago

Leer en español

In the United States and many other countries, nationality is defined by a set of legal parameters. It may involve birthplace, parental citizenship or a circumscribed set of procedures for naturalization.

Yet, in many Americans’ minds, these more objective notions of citizenship are a little fuzzy around the edges, as social and developmental psychologists like me have documented in our research. Psychologically, some people …

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